You can use three discrete transistors to build an operational amplifier with an open-loop gain greater than 1 million (Figure 1). You bias the output at approximately one-half the supply voltage ...

The transfer function of this amplifier is: With R1 = R3 and R2 = R4, Equation 1 simplifies to This simplification can be a quick way to approximate the expected signal, but those resistors are never ...

Andy recommends favorite resources for basic op amp circuits and includes a portion of TI's AN-20. Test your knowledge with our op amp quiz; answer explanations are included. By 1969, a fledgling ...

Power operational amplifiers (POPs) are becoming increasingly common in control circuitry. Their primary advantages over conventional amplifiers are reduced part counts, increased reliability, and ...

The term instrumentation amplifier (INA) often is misused, referring to the application rather than the architecture of the device. Historically, any amplifier that was considered precision (i.e., ...

Why discretes tend to win out over ICs when it comes to designing ‘folded cascode’ charge amplifiers. By Tolga Aydemir Integrated circuits (ICs) are vital in helping to reduce the cost, size and ...