The flow of all fluids, whether liquid or gas, will have one of three states: laminar, turbulent, and transitional. This article discusses flow principles and pressure-based flow measurement. Laminar ...

Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...

Built for the digital and analytical world, the PipeFractionalFlow software has its origins in a college doctoral programme. “It’s a science project that started in 2007,” says Anand Nagoo, chief ...

For a yet-to-be-selected fabricator, design large-diameter, corrosion-resistant, filament-wound composite pipe with sufficient strength to resist burial and settlement loads as well as internal ...

Condensation-induced water hammer (CIWH) is the term commonly used when describing a variety of transients that occur when water vapor is rapidly condensed by cold water. This article describes the ...